Common barriers for entering the digital marketplaces, i.e. the platform users' network effect and service providing economies of scale, leave newly established marketplace platforms with few strategies for user acquisition and competition with pioneers to achieve market share. Accordingly, analyzing digital marketplaces agreements with commercial users reveals some clauses which may impede market entry strategies and weaken inter-platform competition. However, these contractual conditions can also have some important efficiency. The commercial user parity clause (MFNs) towards the platform, the exclusive dealing condition and clauses offering loyalty incentives are the most significant clauses which digital marketplaces operating in Iran, such as "Snappfood", "Digikala", "Alibaba", "Fidibo" and "Café-Bazaar," may include in their commercial users agreement.This article aims to evaluate these contractual clauses from Iran’s competition law perspective through considering their potential anti-competitive effects and possible efficiencies by studding recent anti-competitive cases in Iran, European Union and the U.S. The findings show that in the newly published competition policy document of Iran Supreme Council of Cyberspace in 1399 and some of the Iran Competition Council's decisions, these clauses have not been properly distinguished and consequently some adopted positions have been inefficient and without considering important legal and economic components. This article seeks to rectify these deficiencies.

Today, with the Corona crisis and digital transformation, the world of startups and Internet businesses has grown significantly and Business growth in the areas of marketing, product development, sales and Other areas are done in a different space. Therefore, digital growth hacking is essential for Internet businesses, Because growth hacking strategies are based on internal changes in the system with the aim of increasing user-to-customer conversion and business development through internal tools at low cost. This article is a qualitative research on digital growth hacking strategies in the Corona crisis. In the first stage, with the aim of collecting qualitative data, after an extensive review of the literature in the field of digital growth hacking and its strategies, A framework for designing semi-structured interview questions with business owners that have grown significantly on the Basalam platform over the past year has been designed. The researchers then reached a theoretical saturation after conducting 14 interviews. The transcribed interviews in the second stage were coded using Atlas software and inductive thematic analysis. In the current study, out of a total of 141 open code and 18 sub-themes, 5 main themes of awareness, acquisition, e-commerce, revenue and survival were the basis of digital growth hacking strategies.

Abstract Market power is one of the most important notions and elements in analyzing the competitive practices of undertakings in markets which means the power of an undertaking to manipulate prices above the competitive level, limit production, and provide services in a significant way, and the ability of taking strategies to restrict and eliminate competition or create barriers to entering into the market. In parallel with the expansion of platform markets and the prominence of the role of data and AI, the issue of market power in the field of competition law has confronted new challenges. Regarding the characteristics of platform markets, the main question of the current research is to what extent big data can be considered as a source of market power and to how can the new strategies and approaches of competition law in digital markets, evaluate the relationship between big data and market power? Having analyzed the approaches of the most influential systems of competition law in the light of the latest developments, the present paper in descriptive-analytical research method is going to survey different opinions that accept a direct relationship between access to big data and market power, comparing it with assessments that deny it and in the final evaluation process, from an analytical point of view regarding the latest evolution in competition law, appraise the proposed opinions and comments to find out when big data may result in market power and, consequently, the necessary and related competition law norms should be applied. Examining the subject, this research notes the role of blockchain in adjusting the market power originating from big data and looks into the current approaches of Iranian competition law. The results of this paper show that in platform markets, the usual norms of competition law cannot overcome the competition challenges of big data effectively. Considering the reasons and considerations raised by the proponents and opponents of the existence of a relationship between big data and market power tips the balance in favor of those who believe that this relationship exists; However, although big data may be regarded as a source of market power, a definitive and direct relationship between them is not conceivable, and a comprehensive analysis of the subject depends on particular condition of the markets and the current and future developments of the platform markets. In addition to paying attention to the characteristics of the relevant platform markets, especially the type of barriers to entering digital markets or network effects, taking into account the exclusive or non-exclusive character of the data, the position, and the ability of undertakings to gather, processing and use them by employing AI, using the outputs in targeted advertising and making profits from big data, the contribution of big data in improving or strengthening the company's market position, their role in facilitating likely anti-competitive practices, especially the abuse of a dominant position, innovation considerations and the need to respect the creative efforts of undertakings in platform competition process is necessary. Although revolutionary technologies such as blockchain have succeeded in adjusting the market power made by big data and will play a greater role in this field in the future, according to the actual realities of platform markets, they currently do not have a great impact on the competition environment and gatekeeper undertakings are still have excessive control over the data of personal and business users, which has provided them with the opportunity to make obstacles to entry into the market and commit anti-competitive behaviors. Accordingly, the necessity of competition authorities' control over them by revising some usual norms of competition law is necessary. Considering the new entrance of competition law in Iranian legal systems and the complex competition issues of digital markets, it is obvious that there is more opportunity for big platforms to use big data in forming undue market power and restricting competition for other undertakings.  The approach of the new documents in regulating the subject needs serious comments from different points of view and requires significant revision, adjustment, and expansion; in such a way that guarantees the competitive freedom of gatekeeper platforms that can play an important role by employing big data in providing new or improved services and products, intensifying competition and ensuring the welfare of users, and the need to prevent the abuse of market power, limiting the possibility of committing anti-competitive practices and eliminating small competitors and start-ups, a kind of reasonable balance should be established in the light of attention to the developments of modern competition law.

Rapid and continuous changes in the surrounding environment are one of the inevitable features of the current world, which overshadows various aspects of human life. It is obvious that the educational system, as one of the most important institutions in the modern world, is not immune from facing these changes; Therefore, it is necessary for educational leaders to identify the changes and transformations of their interactive environment that affect its performance and functions, and to adopt wise measures in relation to formulating appropriate and appropriate approaches to these developments. In this regard, one of the most important developments in recent years is the expansion and penetration of new information and communication technologies into the field of education, research and learning.Digital technologies appear in various forms and capabilities, and the newest form of it in the current period is Metaverse technology. It is predicted that the ability of metaverse will gradually enter into different aspects of human life and provide a new style of life; Therefore, educational managers cannot be indifferent to this new generation of technology and do not acquire the necessary knowledge and knowledge in this field and transfer it to the body of the educational system; Therefore, based on this necessity, the present research tried to find important concepts related to the foundations, necessity, requirements and consequences of education with an analytical-descriptive approach and by using the philosophical research method by using library study. to discuss and examine virtual services in the platform of Metaverse.

In recent decades, canola has been considered as the most important oilseed. Harvesting is the most major problem of canola cultivation, since canola pods are very sensitive to shocks and vibrations. Large amount of produce will fall on the ground especially when the combine's head is not adjusted properly. When canola harvested with a combine, the losses may reach up to 50%. The yields can be improved by decreasing seed losses during the harvesting operation. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal harvesting conditions of combine platform to minimize grain losses. In order to achieve this, a laboratory test stand platform was designed and built in the Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Machinery in Shiraz University. Three factors which are more effective on the losses were assessed to determine the best adjustments. These factors were combine forward speed at three levels; 1.5, 2 and 2.5 km h-1, cutter bar speed at three levels; 800, 1100 and 1400 cycles per minute and the relative linear speed of reel in respect of forward speed also at three levels; 1, 1.3 and 1.5. Desired experiment were accomplished on Talaeie variety at 16% m.c (d.b). The grain losses were measured at each level, with three replicates. By considering the interaction of factors, results showed that the effect of these factors at 5% level was significant, and the minimum loss occurred at 2 km h-1 for forward speed, 1400 cut per minute for cutter bar speed and 1.5 for relative reel speed to forward speed.

Competition law in recent years has realized the growing importance of a huge volume of data with variety and velocity characteristics in the platform and digital markets, which are reduced to meaningful information by employing artificial intelligence and machine learning process, and sometimes serve legitimate competitive purposes and sometimes shows its potentials for violating competition law norms. Having clarified the exact concept of big data and its functions in the competition field, this paper is going to show how big data has been employed as a tool for collusion among competitors and how dominant undertakings misuse their position by taking anticompetitive practices such as unilateral refusal to share or giving discriminatory access to big data, restrict the competition for competitors, and by exploiting the potential of big data, extend their market power unduly to vertical or related markets. This paper also clarifies the important role of big data in the concentration process and critiques the extention of implementing traditional competition law criteria governing mergers and acquisitions in the field of big data. Analyzing the current framework of Iranian competition law suggests that regarding the general and ambiguous existing laws, we can’, t regulate competition-oriented challenges of big data, and in addition, the approaches adopted in the new regulations are subject to serious criticism. Regardless of the fact that advanced competition law systems are also confused in confronting some big data issues, the most important step in Iranian law to solve related competition problems arising from big data is to understand the requirements of digital markets and adopt a particular competition policy of such markets and pay attention to the role of big data.